Uposatha Observance Days

For monastics, these are often days of more intensive reflection and meditation. In many monasteries physical labor (construction projects, repairs, etc.) is curtailed. On New Moon and Full Moon days the fortnightly confession and recitation of the Bhikkhu Patimokkha (monastic rules of conduct) takes place.

Lay people observe the eight precepts on Uposatha days, as a support for meditation practice and as a way to re-energize commitment to the Dhamma. Whenever possible, lay people use these days as an opportunity to visit the local monastery, in order to make special offerings to the Sangha, to listen to Dhamma, and to practice meditation with Dhamma companions late into the night. For laity not closely affiliated with a local monastery, it can simply be an opportunity to increase one's efforts in meditation while drawing on the invisible support of millions of other practicing Buddhists around the world.

The calendar of Uposatha days is calculated using a complex traditional formula that is loosely based on the lunar calendar, with the result that the dates do not always coincide with the actual astronomical dates. To further confuse matters, each sect within Theravada Buddhism tends to follow a slightly different calendar.

Several full-moon Uposatha days hold special significance in the Buddhist calendar:

• Magha Puja (February 16, 2003) -- "Sangha Day".
  This commemorates the spontaneous assembly of 1,250 arahants in the Buddha's presence. One thousand of the gathered monks had previously achieved Awakening upon hearing the Buddha's delivery of the Fire Sermon; the remaining 250 were followers of the elder monks Ven. Moggallana and Ven. Sariputta. To mark this auspicious gathering, the Buddha delivered the Ovada-Patimokkha Gatha, a summary of the main points of the Dhamma, which the Buddha gave to the assembly before sending them out to proclaim the doctrine. [Suggested reading: "Dhamma for Everyone" by Ajaan Lee.]

• Visakha Puja (Vesak) (May 15, 2003) -- "Buddha Day".
  This day commemorates three key events in the Buddha's life that took place on this full-moon day: his birth, Awakening, and final Unbinding (parinibbana). [Suggested reading: "Visakha Puja" by Ajaan Lee.]

• Asalha Puja (July 13, 2003) -- "Dhamma Day".
  This commemorates the Buddha's first discourse, which he gave to the group of five monks with whom he had practiced in the forest for many years. Upon hearing this discourse, one of the monks -- Ven. Kondañña -- gained his first glimpse of Nibbana, thus giving birth to the Noble Sangha. The annual Rains retreat (vassa) begins the following day.

• Pavarana Day (October 10, 2003).
  This day marks the end of the Rains retreat (vassa). In the following month, the kathina ceremony is held, during which the laity gather to make formal offerings of robe cloth and other requisites to the Sangha.

• Anapanasati Day (November 9, 2003).
  At the end of one rains retreat (vassa), the Buddha was so pleased with the progress of the assembled monks that he encouraged them to extend their retreat for yet another month. On the full-moon day marking the end of that fourth month of retreat, he presented his instructions on mindfulness of breathing (anapanasati), which may be found in the Anapanasati Sutta (MN 118) -- The Discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing.

2003
Calendar of Uposatha Observance Days

This calendar for the coming year shows the dates of the Uposatha days that will be observed by followers of the two sects of Thai Buddhism, Dhammayutika and Mahanikaya.

Last Quarter ("half moon")	New Moon	First Quarter ("half moon")	Full Moon
Nov 27, 2002	Dec 4, 2002	Dec 12, 2002	Dec 19, 2002
Dec 27, 2002	Jan 3, 2003*	Jan 11*	Jan 17
Jan 25	Feb 1	Feb 9	Feb 16 Magha Puja
Feb 24	Mar 3*	Mar 11*	Mar 17
Mar 25	Apr 1	Apr 9	Apr 16
Apr 24	May 1*	May 9*	May 15 Visakha Puja
May 23	May 30	Jun 7	Jun 14
Jun 22	Jun 29*	Jul 7*	Jul 13 Asalha Puja
Jul 21	Jul 28	Aug 5	Aug 12
Aug 20	Aug 27*	Sep 4*	Sep 11*
Sep 19*	Sep 25	Oct 3	Oct 10 Pavarana Day
Oct 18	Oct 25*	Nov 2*	Nov 9* Anapasati Day
Nov 17*	Nov 23	Dec 1	Dec 8
Dec 16	Dec 23*	Dec 31*

* On dates marked with an asterisk, followers of the Mahanikaya sect observe the Uposatha on the preceding day.

See also:

• Muluposatha Sutta (AN III.70) -- Discourse on the Roots of the Uposatha
• Uposatha Sutta (AN VIII.41) -- Discourse on the Uposatha Observance
• Visakhuposatha Sutta (AN VIII.43) -- Discourse to Visakha on the Uposatha
• Sakya Sutta (AN X.47) -- To the Sakyans (on the Uposatha)
• Ñanavara Thera's Questions-and-answers concerning the Uposatha.
• Lay Buddhist Practice, by Bhikkhu Khantipalo (BPS Wheel Publication No. 206).